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Jumat, 30 April 2010

TUGAS READING II Utk Kls IF,IG,IH

Note: Submited next week
Using context clues and what you know about word parts, write a synonym,description, or definition of the italicized words
1.       ___________Despite evidence to the contrary. Mark really believes that he can pass an exam without studying.
2.       ___________ I haven’t finished the report you asked for yet: let’s postpone our meeting until next Tuesday.
3.       ___________ Ask your supervisor  if you can take your vacation next month.
4.       ___________ Please remit your payment in the enclosed envelope.
5.       ___________ Something must be wrong with this machine. It won’t type superscripts correctly: 2 x2  x2 
6.       ___________ Antibiotics, such as penicillin, help the body fight bacterial but not viral infection.
7.       ___________ Nowadays, very little mail is transported by train.
8.       ___________ Don’t invite Frank again, his behaviour tonight was inexcusable.
9.       ___________ Scientists study the interaction between parents and their babies to better understand how infants learn.
10.   ___________ After the plane crash, the pilot had to fix his radio before he could transmit his location.
11.   ___________ The state of Texas revoked his driver’s licence because he had had so many accidents.
12.   ___________ This material is very useful because it is strong yet flexible.
13.   ___________ Barbara wanted to buy a portable typewriter.
14.   ___________ The Portugese sailor Magellan was the first person to circumnavigate the world.
15.   ___________ The King imposed a heavy tax on his people to pay for his foreign wars.

Kamis, 29 April 2010

PUNTUATION USAGE

Hi  Reader, this artcle is a continuation of the erlier one I  posted on the blog
The Comma (,)

There are some general rules which you can apply when using the comma.
However, you will find that in English there are many other ways to use the comma to add to the meaning of a sentence or to emphasise an item, point or meaning.
Although we are often taught that commas are used to help us add 'breathing spaces' to sentences they are, in fact, more accurately used to organise blocks of thought or logical groupings. Most people will now use commas to ensure that meaning is clear and, despite grammatical rules, will drop the comma if their meaning is retained in the sentence.
A. Using the comma to separate phrases, words, or clauses in lists
1. a series of phrases
• On my birthday I went to the cinema, ate dinner in a restaurant,and went dancing.
2. a series of nouns
• The meal consisted of soup, fish, chicken, dessert and coffee.
3. a series of adjectives
• She was young, beautiful, kind, and intelligent.
Note: if an adjective is modifying another adjective you do not separate them with a comma - e.g. She wore a bright red shirt.

PUNCTUATION USAGE

Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.
we use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing. The most common of these are the period (or full stop in British English), the comma, theexclamation mark, the question mark, the colon and semi-colon, the quote, theapostrophe, the hyphen and dash, and parentheses and brackets. Capital letters are also used to help us organise meaning and to structure the sense of our writing.
we can quickly see why punctuation is important if we try and read this sentence which has no punctuation at all:

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PRESENT

(See also Verbs -'Regular verbs in the simple present')
Simple present, third person singular
Note:
1.      he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
2.      Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary'DO') the infinitive of the verb.
He wantsDoes he want? He does not want.
3.      Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly http://www.english4today.com/englishgrammar/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifflies, cry http://www.english4today.com/englishgrammar/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifcries

Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play http://www.english4today.com/englishgrammar/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifplays, pray http://www.english4today.com/englishgrammar/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifprays
4.      Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
See also Verbs -'Regular verbs in the simple present', and 'Be, do & have'

Examples:

1. Third person singular with s or -es

DERIVATIVE

Derivative adalah kata jadian yang berasal dari kata asal ditambah awalan (prefix) dan /atau akhiran (suffix).
Formulaton of derivational word:
1.prefix + Stem
• Unfair,misinform,dislike,non-active,deforest,overeat,undercook
2.Prefix + Derivative
• Reorganization,deforestation,misinformation,cooperation
3.Stem + Suffix
• Driver,beautiful,freedom,childhood,government,activity.
4.Derivative + Suffix
• Organization,Organizatonal,nationalize,nationality.
5.Previx + stem +suffix
• Reforestation,misinformation,cooperation.

Prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes usually change the meaning of the word. Suffixes
change the word from one part of speech to another.

SIMPLE PAST

SIMPLE PAST


             Study this example :

Tom : Look! It’s raining again
Ann : Oh no, not gain. It rained all day yesterday too.

Rained is the past simple tense. We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
-          I very much enjoyed the party
-          Mr. Edwards died ten years ago
-          When I lived in Manchester, I work in a bank
The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.
·         John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
·         My Grandfather died last year.
·         He lived in Pangandaran in 1976.
·         We crossed the Channel yesterday.
·         We invited them to our party but they decided not to come   
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions
Examples:  
Ø  frequencyoften, sometimes, always;  
Ø  a definite point in time:last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
Ø  an indefinite point in time:          the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Examples:

Senin, 26 April 2010

PRESENT CONTINUOUS




PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Present continuous, form
The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Affirmative
Subject
+ to be
+ base+ing
she
is
talking



Negative
Subject
+ to be + not
+ base+ing
she
is not (isn't)
talking



Interrogative
to be
+ subject
+ base+ing
is
she
talking?


Example: to go, present continuous
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I am going
I am not going
Am I going?
You are going
You aren't going.
Are you going?
He, she, it is going
He, she, it isn't going
Is he, she, it going?
We are going
We aren't going
Are we going?
You are going
You aren't going
Are you going?
They are going
They aren't going
Are they going?
Note: alternative negative contractions: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.
2. Present continuous, function
As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete.
The present continuous is used:

Minggu, 25 April 2010

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

As show in Basic Sentence Structures, a common way of expanding a simple sentence is with modifiers--words that add to the meanings of other words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. For instance, in the sentence below, the adjective sad modifies the noun smile (the subject of the sentence).
The clown's sad smile touched us deeply.
In this same sentence, the adverb deeply modifies the verb touched. Used carefully, adjectives and adverbs can make our writing clearer and more precise.

Arranging Adjectives

Adjectives most often appear just in front of the nouns that they modify:
The old cranky caretaker refused to answer our questions.
 But occasionally adjectives follow the nouns they modify:
The caretaker, old and cranky, refused to answer our questions.
Here the commas appear outside the pair of adjectives, which are joined by the oconjunctin  and. Placing the adjectives after the noun is a way of giving them added emphasis in a sentence.
Adjectives sometimes appear in a third position in a sentence: after a linking verb such as am, are, is, was, or were. As their name implies, these verbs link adjectives with the subjects they modify. See if you can identify the adjectives in the sentences below:
His voice was rough.
Your children are cruel.
This seat is wet.
In each of these sentences, the adjective (rough, cruel, wet) modifies the subject but follows the linking verb (was, are, is).

Arranging Adverbs

Adverbs usually follow the verbs they modify:
I dance occasionally.
However, an adverb may also appear directly in front of the verb or at the very beginning of a sentence:
I occasionally dance.
Occasionally I dance.
Because not all adverbs are this flexible in all sentences, you should try them out in different positions until you find the clearest arrangement.

Practice in Adding Adjectives

Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs. The adjective thirsty, for example, comes from thirst, which may be either a noun or a verb. Complete each sentence below with the adjective form of the italicized noun or verb. When you're done, compare your answers with those at the end of the exercise.
  1. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought great destruction to the Gulf coast. It was one of the most _____ hurricanes in recent decades.
  2. All of our pets enjoy good health. Our collie is exceptionally _____, despite its advanced age.
  3. Your suggestion makes a great deal of sense. You have a very _____ idea.
  4. Microsoft made record profits last year. It is one of the most _____ companies in the world.
  5. Dr. Kraft's job requires patience and skill. He is a _____ negotiator.

Answers

1. destructive; 2. healthy; 3. sensible; 4. profitable; 5. patient.


Practice in Adding Adverbs
Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. The adverb softly, for instance, comes from the adjective soft. Note, however, that not all adverbs end in -ly. Very, quite, always, almost, and often are some of the common adverbs that are not formed from adjectives. Complete each sentence below with the adverb form of the italicized adjective. When you're done, compare your answers with those at the end of the exercise.
  1. The exam was easy. I passed _____.
  2. Leroy's careless act set the warehouse on fire. He _____ tossed a cigarette into a tank of gasoline.
  3. Paige is a brave little girl. She fought _____ against the poltergeists.
  4. Howard is a graceful dancer. He moves _____.
  5. Tom's apology sounded quite sincere. He said that he was _____ sorry for misusing the tax funds.
Answers
1. easily; 2. carelessly; 3. bravely; 4. gracefully; 5. sincerely.