THE-ING CLAUSES

For today's lecture topic , study this lesson then do the exercises in groups. each group consists of 5 persons.

The answers to the exercises can be sent either via blog or via email (cahyadi314jtw@gmail.com/cahyadi314jtw@yahoo.com). The answers must be by 24th of this month (Thursday). Please name each of the members on your answer.

Study this example situation:

Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

a)      A clause is a part of a sentence. Some sentences have two clauses:

-          Feeling tired, I went to bed early. In this sentence, 'I went to bed early' is the main clause. Feeling tired is the -ing clause.

b)      When two things happen at the same time, you can use -ing for one of the verbs. The main clause usually comes first: '

-          She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. (= she was sitting and she was reading)

-          I ran out of the house shouting. (= 1 was shouting when I ran out of the house)

We also use -ing when one action happens during another. Use -ing for the longer action. The longer action is the second part of the sentence.

-          Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (= while he was playing)

-          I cut myself shaving. (= while I was shaving) You can also use -ing after while or when:

-          Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. (= while he was playing) ;

-           Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing)

c)      When one action happens before another action, you can use having (done) for the first action:

-          Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner.

-          Having finished our work, we went home.

You could also say After -ing:

-          After finishing our work, we went home.

If the second action happens immediately after the first, you can use the simple -ing form (doing instead of having done):

-          Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. These structures are used mainly in written English.

d)     You can also use an -ing clause to explain something or to say why someone did something. The -ing clause usually comes first:

-          Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (=because I felt tired)

-          Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. (= because he is unemployed)

-          Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. (= because she doesn't have a car)

-          Having already seen the film twice, I didn't want to go to the cinema. (= because I had already seen it twice)

These structures are used more in written than in spoken English.

  Exercises

     From each pair of sentences make one sentence using an -ing clause. '

Example : : she was sitting in an armchair. She was reading a book.

                   She was sitting in an armcahir reading a book.

1.    she was   lying on the bed. She was crying.   Jill was ..........................

2.    I got home. I was feeling very tired.   I got .........................................

3.    The old man was walking along the street. He was talking to himself.    '

The old man .........................................................................................

In these sentence   one thing  happens during another

 Example: Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm.

4.    Ann was watching television. She fell asleep.    Ann ..........................

5.    The man slipped. He was getting off the bus.   The ............................

6.    The boy was crossing the road. He was knocked over. The boy .........

7.    The fireman was overcome ^{........................................................................................}

This time make sentences beginning wtih Having

We finished our work. We went home. ....................................................

1.    We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre. .......................

2.    They had dinner. Then they continued on their journey. .....................

3.    Sue did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee. .............

 Now make sentences beginning -ing or Not -ing 

1.    She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country. ............

2.    I didn't know his address. So I couldn't contact him. Not ..................

3.    The man wasn't able to understand English. So he didn't know what I said,         

4.     He has travelled a lot. So he knows a lot about other countries. ........

5.    We had spent nearly all our money. So we couldn't afford to say in a hotel.