All the words in English can be divided into 8, 9 or more groups according to their function in the language. These groups are traditionally called parts of speech and are today referred to as lexical categories or word classes. The following terms comprise the most basic grammar terminology every English user must be familiar with in order to understand how language works to create meaning.
Nouns (success), verbs (succeed), adjectives (successful), adverbs (successfully) and interjections (wow!) are sub-grouped into content words, namely, words that provide the concepts and ideas underlying the sentence. Content words are constantly being added to or removed from the language (an open word class), as changing usage patterns influence dynamic changes in a language's vocabulary.
Conversely, Determiners (the), pronouns (we), prepositions (at) and conjunctions (and) are sub-grouped into structure words, whose number almost always stays constant in a language (closed word class). These are words that tie the content words together into a grammatically correct sentence and reflect the inner grammar rules of the language structure. These, as opposed to content words, change very slowly, if at all, throughout a language's history.
It is vital for any English writer to be familiar with the parts of speech in order to have the terminology to study and analyze the language and identify mistakes in writing. Moreover, a word can function as a different part of speech depending on its role in the sentence structure (the terms of which are also vital for successful writing). This affects the word's meaning and structure, making it important to confirm whether you are using the correct part of speech in the correct position in the sentence.
Nouns (success), verbs (succeed), adjectives (successful), adverbs (successfully) and interjections (wow!) are sub-grouped into content words, namely, words that provide the concepts and ideas underlying the sentence. Content words are constantly being added to or removed from the language (an open word class), as changing usage patterns influence dynamic changes in a language's vocabulary.
Conversely, Determiners (the), pronouns (we), prepositions (at) and conjunctions (and) are sub-grouped into structure words, whose number almost always stays constant in a language (closed word class). These are words that tie the content words together into a grammatically correct sentence and reflect the inner grammar rules of the language structure. These, as opposed to content words, change very slowly, if at all, throughout a language's history.
It is vital for any English writer to be familiar with the parts of speech in order to have the terminology to study and analyze the language and identify mistakes in writing. Moreover, a word can function as a different part of speech depending on its role in the sentence structure (the terms of which are also vital for successful writing). This affects the word's meaning and structure, making it important to confirm whether you are using the correct part of speech in the correct position in the sentence.
The defendant's lawyers object to any claims made by the prosecution.
[object is a verb, meaning to oppose]
They also showed an object found in the scene of the crime as exhibit A.
[object is a noun, meaning a physical item]
Here you will find inforamtion about each and every part of speech:
[object is a verb, meaning to oppose]
They also showed an object found in the scene of the crime as exhibit A.
[object is a noun, meaning a physical item]
Here you will find inforamtion about each and every part of speech:
The noun
1. A Noun is a word that names a person (teacher), thing (pencil), animal (cat), place (Paris) or abstract idea (love). As practically anything in the universe has a name, and as there are many things in the universe, nouns comprise the largest group of words in English (about 65%). Nouns name common everyday objects such as pen, through to general conditions such as friendship, all the way to the most technical terminology for the tiniest part of a jet engine.
Noun names... Examples
- a person a teacher, a man, Peter, Sonya, a Frenchman, the Queen
- a thing a pencil, a computer, a hamburger, a political party
- an animal or plant a cat, an elephant, a caterpillar, blue algae, pineapple
- a place Paris, home, Africa, church, school, a mountain, airport
- an abstract idea love, freedom, attitude, education, vivaciousness, liberalism
2. A test for nouns: A good way to identify a noun when a word is in doubt is to ask, Can I have it? You can have success but you can't have succeed. This means success is a noun and succeed is a different part of speech, in this case, a verb.
The verb
1. A verb is a word that expresses an action (to run), occurrence (to happen), or state of being (to appear). Verbs comprise the third largest group of words in English (about 10%) and appear in any sentence as a major mandatory element tying the subject and predicate together. Verbs also indicate time (past, present, future) and are used with many verb tenses. The verb can be thought of as the center, heart, or anchor of an English sentence.
Verbs of... Examples
- action Maria dances at the studio and performs every Sunday.
- occurrence Maria became a professional dancer.
- state of being Maria's studio has stood there ever since she was a child.
2. Tests for verbs: A good way to identify a verb when a word is in doubt is to ask, "Can I do it?" I can succeed (do it) is correct, but I can success is incorrect. This means succeed is a verb and the related part of speech success is not a verb; in this case, success is a noun.
The adjective
1. An adjective is a word that modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives comprise the second largest group of words in English (about 23%). Adjectives inform about the qualities and features of people, things or concepts (big, strong, beautiful, sensitive) and can be considered as an added intensifier or even "decoration" to the required basic sentence elements, adding variety and liveliness. Adjectives can also be expanded into adjective clauses, which function similarly. In the following examples, the adjectives are underlined and the nouns or pronouns they modify are in bold.
He was happy when he moved to his new house.
[The adjective happy modifies the pronoun he, the adjective new modifies the noun house]
2. A test for adjectives: A good way to identify an adjective when a word is in doubt is to ask about the modified noun, What kind of (noun) is it? He is a successful businessman is correct, as successful answers What kind of businessman is he? He is a successfully businessman is incorrect as successfully answers "How" and not "What kind of". This means successful is an adjective and successfully is a different part of speech, in this case, an adverb.
The adverb
1. An adverb is a type of word that has many uses in English. It can modify (describe) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence (composed from at least an independent clause). Adverbs (quickly, here, now, always, very, obviously) can be considered as added intensifiers or even "decoration" to the required basic sentence elements, supplementing them with important pieces of information. Adverbs also appear in multi-word phrases and can also be expanded into adverbial clauses which function similarly. In the following examples, the adverbs are underlined and the elements they modify are in bold.
The new typist works quickly and well.
[The adverbs quickly and well modify the verb works]
The new typist is extremely busy.
[The adverb extremely modifies the adjective busy]
The new typist works very quickly.
[The adverb very modifies the adverb quickly]
Fortunately, the new typist works well.
[The adverb fortunately modifies the sentence the new typist works well]
2. As adverbs add several kinds of information, they can be divided into the following groups of types, each answering the below mentioned questions:
- Adverb of Examples
- manner - how? quietly, happily, sadly, quickly, slowly, clockwise, well
- place - where? away, at home, down, everywhere, round, here, there
- time - when? daily, last week, a year ago, tomorrow, on Sunday, immediately
- frequency - how often ? always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never
- degree - how much ? quite, rather, pretty, very, completely, really, hardly, too, just
- whole sentence -
- under what circumstance? fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, obviously, perhaps, surprisingly
3. A test for adverbs: A good way to identify an adverb when a word or phrase is in doubt is to ask one of the questions presented in bold in the adverb type table above. If the word or phrase answers the question, then it functions as an adverb.
The interjection
An interjection is a word or expression that conveys a strong emotion, such as surprise, joy or disgust. It usually appears in dialogues and informal writing settings, as more formal writing settings, such as academia or business warrant an objective formal writing style. Interjections are usually used with an exclamation point (!) or set off with comma.
- Wow! What a game!
- Oh, I forgot all about the game last night.
The determiner
A determiner is a word that accompanies a noun or noun phrase and determines whether it is general or specific, its quantity, who it belongs to and more. Determiners are divided into the following groups:
- Determine Type Examples
- articles The teacher asked a student to answer the question.
- demonstrative These students got this grade on the test.
- quantifiers Many got an average grade, some got a pass, and few excelled.
- interrogative What answer was written the best?
- numerical The fourth section in the second test was very easy.
- possessive His grade was lower than her grade.
- relative We know which test was copied.
The pronoun
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or refers to it. Pronouns are divided into the following groups:
- Pronoun Type Examples
- personal I remember her helping us with our problems, not yours.
- demonstrative Those are my favorite, but these are good too.
- reflexive They did it themselves. I saw it myself.
- interrogative Who said so?
- relative The man who lives next door borrowed the book that you lent me.
- reciprocal We like talking to each other.
- indefinite Everybody comes to the party, each and every one.
The preposition
A preposition is a word that conveys relationships between other words, usually in time, place or direction. Prepositions are an integral part of many expressions with verbs and adjectives, and also of idioms. They should always be learned together with the expression they are part of, as their use cannot always be predicted. A prepositional phrase contains the preposition and the words it modifies.
time on Sunday, in the summer, at 5 o'clock.
place under the bed, between you and me, at work, in front of the TV, from home
direction into the box, over the city, towards the car, away from here
place under the bed, between you and me, at work, in front of the TV, from home
direction into the box, over the city, towards the car, away from here
The conjunction
A conjunction is a word that connects other words, phrases and clauses reflecting some kind of logical relationship between the connected elements (addition, illustration, cause, effect, contrast etc.). Conjunctions connecting two elements of equal weight are coordinating conjunctions, and those which introduce dependent clauses are subordinating conjunctions.
- Conjunction Type Examples
- coordinating conjunctions and, or, but, so, or, nor, for, yet
- subordinating conjunctions because, since, while, after, if, although, whether
- correlative conjunctions not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, both...and
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GRAMMAR III
Class 2D
Group 4
Member :
1. Ahmad Baehaki
2. Kurniadi
3. Tedi Gunawan
4. Hasani Muhtar
1. She lives in Cianjur. I’m sure of it. (She does live in Cianjur. I’m sure of it.)
2. I wrote that letter. I am positive of it. (I did write that letter. I am positive of it.)
3. Jhon took the book. He told me so. (Jhon did take the book. He told me so.)
4. But we studied that grammar. (But we did study that grammar.)
5. You are mistaken. I want to learn English. (You are mistaken. I do want to learn English.)
6. I did it yesterday. Why don’t you believe me, baby! (I did do it yesterday. Why don’t you believe me, baby!)
7. Call me again sometime. (Do call me again sometime.)
8. I maintain that My uncle lives in Tasikmalaya. (I maintain that My uncle does live in Tasikmalaya.)
9. Ira didn’t visit me but called me on the phone. (Ira didn’t visit me but did call me on the phone.)
10. Columbus didn’t reach the Indies, but he discovered a new continent. (Columbus didn’t reach the Indies, but he did discover a new continent.)
11. Maps wre very poor then, but they showed that the earth was round.( Maps were very poor then, but they did show that the earth was round.)
12. Linda doesn’t study hard but attends class regularly. (Linda doesn’t study hard but does attend class regularly.)
13. I didn’t go away on my vocation, but I had a good test. (I didn’t go away on my vocation, but I did have a good test.)
14. Bring Your paramour with you the next time you come. (Do bring Your paramour with you the next time you come.)
15. Visit us again sometime. (Do visit us again sometime.)
16. She really seems to enjoy the programme. (She really does seem to enjoy the programme.)
17. He turned a somersault with his finger. (He did turn a somersault with his finger.)
18. Alex caught my attentions by waving his arms in the air. (Alex did catch my attentions by waving his arms in the air.)
19. I dried the dish with that dishtowel. (I did dry the dish with that dishtowel.)
20. Aju dug a hole with a rusty shovel. (Aju did dig a hole with a rusty shovel.)
GRAMMAR III
CLASS : 2-E
MEMBERS : 1. NIA KURNIASIH
2. RENI APRIYANI
3. YENI DWI SULISTIOWATI
4. YENI FUJI ASTUTI
THE CONCLUSION OF ADVERB
An adverb is a type of word that has many uses in English. It can modify (describe) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence (composed from at least an independent clause). Adverbs (quickly, here, now, always, very, obviously) can be considered as added intensifiers or even "decoration" to the required basic sentence elements, supplementing them with important pieces of information. Adverbs also appear in multi-word phrases and can also be expanded into adverbial clauses which function similarly. In the following examples, the adverbs are underlined and the elements they modify are in bold.
The new typist works quickly and well.
[The adverbs quickly and well modify the verb works]
The new typist is extremely busy.
[The adverb extremely modifies the adjective busy]
The new typist works very quickly.
[The adverb very modifies the adverb quickly]
Fortunately, the new typist works well.
[The adverb fortunately modifies the sentence the new typist works well]
2. As adverbs add several kinds of information, they can be divided into the following groups of types, each answering the below mentioned questions:
• Adverb of Examples
• manner - how? quietly, happily, sadly, quickly, slowly, clockwise, well
• place - where? away, at home, down, everywhere, round, here, there
• time - when? daily, last week, a year ago, tomorrow, on Sunday, immediately
• frequency - how often ? always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never
• degree - how much ? quite, rather, pretty, very, completely, really, hardly, too, just
• whole sentence -
• under what circumstance? fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, obviously, perhaps, surprisingly
3. A test for adverbs: A good way to identify an adverb when a word or phrase is in doubt is to ask one of the questions presented in bold in the adverb type table above. If the word or phrase answers the question, then it functions as an adverb.
Exercises
PartI.
1.Wrong
2.Right
3.Wrong
4.Wrong
5.Wrong
6.Wrong
7.Right
8.Right
9.Right
Exercises
Part 1.
1.Usually, we pick the flowers carefully.
2.Rarely she answers correctely
3.However, he is wrong seldom
4.Therefore, we will attend the concert to night.
5.Nevertheless, we found the hotel easly.
6.This morning, they left quietly
7.Furthemore, she wins first prize always.
8.Often, he finished late
9.Consequently, we reached the station quickly.
10.You never speak loudly.
11.Otherwise, we would have gone to the beach yesterday.
12.Today they worked quickly.
13.Sometime, i want to analyze the book carefully.
14.Sometime, we arrive early.
PartII
1.We ate well at the restaurant yesterday evening
2.They will be in france on bussiness
3.The children whispered exitedly in front of the tree on christmas eve.
4.We hung the picture on the wall carefully
5.The bird twitered loudly outside the window this morning
6.The boys and the girls waited for the parade to pass by impatienly
Part III
1.They stood patienly at the bus stop for twenty minutes
2.We arrived here on foot last night
3.The young child walked to school by herself this morning
4.They were waiting outside the fairgrounds eagerly at seven o'clock
5.She arrived in a black limousine at the hotel
6.Chickadees build their nests in dense evergreens scretively in the early spring
7.The waves crashed againt the shore loudly
8.I walked to work in the rain yesterday
9.He sat on the edge of his chair expectanly until the announcement were finished
10.We left home in a hurrry this morning
11.She went downtown by bus today
12.They talked animatedly on the front lawn for an hour
Exercises
Part I
I.The train travels more fast than the bus
2.In the morning, the sun shone more brightly than in the afternoon
3.The footpath runs more straighly than the road.
4.Joe sing more badly than rick
5.Igot up more early than you did
6.The wild deer came more nearly than i had expected
7.Her soon plays the violin more better than her doughter does
8.Captain cook sailed far than coloumbus did
9.You are more late than the others
10.The stream flows more swiftly than the river
11.The studies more hard than her classmates
12.The project was completed more succesfully than we had anticipated
Part II
1.As the evening wore on, we spoke less and less animatedly
2.The spectators cheered more and more loudly
3.The chirping of the cricket disturb us more and more little
4.As he grew older, he walked more and more far
5.The new shuttle service functioned more and more reliably
6.The sun shone less and less intensely
7.As i be come tired, i wrote more and more slowly
8.The boy learned to read more and more better
Part III
1.She understood the most readil of all the pupils in the class
2.This kite the most badly of all the kites i have ever made
3.That train leaves the most early of all the trains departing from this station
4.Last nigjht i snowed the most hardly of any night in the year
5.The potato field produces the most little of all the fields on the farm
6.This high way runs more straighly of all the highways in the country
7.She speak the most quietly of the people i know
8.The bass sings the most lowly of all the singer
9.Eagle flyhighest of all the bird which lived in thr mountains
10.She prepares the meals the best of all the students in the class
11.They regard his proposal the most favorably of all the proposals they have received
12.Bill ran fastest of all the boys
13.His arrow came the most nearly to the center of the target
14.This bus travels the most slowly of all the buses
Part IV
1.More fast
2.As vividly as
3.More enthusiastically
4.The most diligently
5.The little
6.More convincily
7.As intelligibly
8.More better
9.Most impressively
11.As widely as
12.More thorougly
13.The most best
14.As rapidly as
15.More neatly
16.More far
Exercises
PartI.
1.Wrong
2.Right
3.Wrong
4.Wrong
5.Wrong
6.Wrong
7.Right
8.Right
9.Right
Exercises
Part 1.
1.Usually, we pick the flowers carefully.
2.Rarely she answers correctely
3.However, he is wrong seldom
4.Therefore, we will attend the concert to night.
5.Nevertheless, we found the hotel easly.
6.This morning, they left quietly
7.Furthemore, she wins first prize always.
8.Often, he finished late
9.Consequently, we reached the station quickly.
10.You never speak loudly.
11.Otherwise, we would have gone to the beach yesterday.
12.Today they worked quickly.
13.Sometime, i want to analyze the book carefully.
14.Sometime, we arrive early.
PartII
1.We ate well at the restaurant yesterday evening
2.They will be in france on bussiness
3.The children whispered exitedly in front of the tree on christmas eve.
4.We hung the picture on the wall carefully
5.The bird twitered loudly outside the window this morning
6.The boys and the girls waited for the parade to pass by impatienly
Part III
1.They stood patienly at the bus stop for twenty minutes
2.We arrived here on foot last night
3.The young child walked to school by herself this morning
4.They were waiting outside the fairgrounds eagerly at seven o'clock
5.She arrived in a black limousine at the hotel
6.Chickadees build their nests in dense evergreens scretively in the early spring
7.The waves crashed againt the shore loudly
8.I walked to work in the rain yesterday
9.He sat on the edge of his chair expectanly until the announcement were finished
10.We left home in a hurrry this morning
11.She went downtown by bus today
12.They talked animatedly on the front lawn for an hour
Exercises
Part I
I.The train travels more fast than the bus
2.In the morning, the sun shone more brightly than in the afternoon
3.The footpath runs more straighly than the road.
4.Joe sing more badly than rick
5.Igot up more early than you did
6.The wild deer came more nearly than i had expected
7.Her soon plays the violin more better than her doughter does
8.Captain cook sailed far than coloumbus did
9.You are more late than the others
10.The stream flows more swiftly than the river
11.The studies more hard than her classmates
12.The project was completed more succesfully than we had anticipated
Part II
1.As the evening wore on, we spoke less and less animatedly
2.The spectators cheered more and more loudly
3.The chirping of the cricket disturb us more and more little
4.As he grew older, he walked more and more far
5.The new shuttle service functioned more and more reliably
6.The sun shone less and less intensely
7.As i be come tired, i wrote more and more slowly
8.The boy learned to read more and more better
Part III
1.She understood the most readil of all the pupils in the class
2.This kite the most badly of all the kites i have ever made
3.That train leaves the most early of all the trains departing from this station
4.Last nigjht i snowed the most hardly of any night in the year
5.The potato field produces the most little of all the fields on the farm
6.This high way runs more straighly of all the highways in the country
7.She speak the most quietly of the people i know
8.The bass sings the most lowly of all the singer
9.Eagle flyhighest of all the bird which lived in thr mountains
10.She prepares the meals the best of all the students in the class
11.They regard his proposal the most favorably of all the proposals they have received
12.Bill ran fastest of all the boys
13.His arrow came the most nearly to the center of the target
14.This bus travels the most slowly of all the buses
Part IV
1.More fast
2.As vividly as
3.More enthusiastically
4.The most diligently
5.The little
6.More convincily
7.As intelligibly
8.More better
9.Most impressively
11.As widely as
12.More thorougly
13.The most best
14.As rapidly as
15.More neatly
16.More far
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