ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

As show in Basic Sentence Structures, a common way of expanding a simple sentence is with modifiers--words that add to the meanings of other words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. For instance, in the sentence below, the adjective sad modifies the noun smile (the subject of the sentence).

The clown's sad smile touched us deeply.

In this same sentence, the adverb deeply modifies the verb touched. Used carefully, adjectives and adverbs can make our writing clearer and more precise.

Arranging Adjectives

Adjectives most often appear just in front of the nouns that they modify:

The old cranky caretaker refused to answer our questions.

 But occasionally adjectives follow the nouns they modify:

The caretaker, old and cranky, refused to answer our questions.

Here the commas appear outside the pair of adjectives, which are joined by the oconjunctin  and. Placing the adjectives after the noun is a way of giving them added emphasis in a sentence.

Adjectives sometimes appear in a third position in a sentence: after a linking verb such as am, are, is, was, or were. As their name implies, these verbs link adjectives with the subjects they modify. See if you can identify the adjectives in the sentences below:

His voice was rough.
Your children are cruel.
This seat is wet.

In each of these sentences, the adjective (rough, cruel, wet) modifies the subject but follows the linking verb (was, are, is).

Arranging Adverbs

Adverbs usually follow the verbs they modify:

I dance occasionally.

However, an adverb may also appear directly in front of the verb or at the very beginning of a sentence:

I occasionally dance.
Occasionally I dance.

Because not all adverbs are this flexible in all sentences, you should try them out in different positions until you find the clearest arrangement.

Practice in Adding Adjectives

Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs. The adjective thirsty, for example, comes from thirst, which may be either a noun or a verb. Complete each sentence below with the adjective form of the italicized noun or verb. When you're done, compare your answers with those at the end of the exercise.

1. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought great destruction to the Gulf coast. It was one of the most _____ hurricanes in recent decades.
2. All of our pets enjoy good health. Our collie is exceptionally _____, despite its advanced age.
3. Your suggestion makes a great deal of sense. You have a very _____ idea.
4. Microsoft made record profits last year. It is one of the most _____ companies in the world.
5. Dr. Kraft's job requires patience and skill. He is a _____ negotiator.

Answers

1. destructive; 2. healthy; 3. sensible; 4. profitable; 5. patient.

Practice in Adding Adverbs

Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. The adverb softly, for instance, comes from the adjective soft. Note, however, that not all adverbs end in -ly. Very, quite, always, almost, and often are some of the common adverbs that are not formed from adjectives. Complete each sentence below with the adverb form of the italicized adjective. When you're done, compare your answers with those at the end of the exercise.

1. The exam was easy. I passed _____.
2. Leroy's careless act set the warehouse on fire. He _____ tossed a cigarette into a tank of gasoline.
3. Paige is a brave little girl. She fought _____ against the poltergeists.
4. Howard is a graceful dancer. He moves _____.
5. Tom's apology sounded quite sincere. He said that he was _____ sorry for misusing the tax funds.

Answers
1. easily; 2. carelessly; 3. bravely; 4. gracefully; 5. sincerely.